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Different feeds have different shelf life. For example, compound feed is generally 1-2 months, concentrated feed is 3-6 months, premixed feed is 6 months to 2 years, and the shelf life of different seasons and products is different. It is safe to use feed within the shelf life. The enterprise is responsible for the quality of the products that meet the relevant storage conditions. If the feed is used beyond the shelf life, there will be different degrees of safety risks. If the shelf life is exceeded, especially when the storage conditions are not good, the feed will become moldy, causing livestock poisoning and even death; at the same time, mold growth will consume nutrients and energy in the feed, reduce and damage vitamins, protein and amino acids, and a very small amount of mold can also damage the feed flavor, produce putrefaction odor, and cause adverse consequences to animal health.

Pig premix

過期飼料的主要危害有：

The main hazards of expired feed are as follows:

(1)有害微生物及霉菌毒素超標(biāo)，對動(dòng)物健康產(chǎn)生影響

(1) Harmful microorganisms and mycotoxins exceed the standard, which has an impact on animal health

過期飼料更容易發(fā)生的問題是霉變，引起飼料霉變的霉菌主要有黃曲霉菌、赭曲霉菌、禾谷鐮刀菌、推展青霉菌等。霉菌在生長繁殖過程中能產(chǎn)生大量毒素，主要有黃曲霉素素、赭曲霉素素、福馬毒素和嘔吐毒素等。動(dòng)物采食后會(huì)降低生產(chǎn)性能，對動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生多方面的危害，嚴(yán)重的甚死亡。如黃曲霉素是劇毒物質(zhì)，對動(dòng)物肝臟有強(qiáng)烈破壞作用。霉變飼料中毒的癥狀因飼料的霉變程度、動(dòng)物采食的多少和采食時(shí)間的長短而不同，輕者出現(xiàn)胃腸炎、拉稀，懷孕母畜流產(chǎn)，重者出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)癥狀甚死亡。

Mildew is the most common problem in expired feed. The molds causing feed mildew mainly include Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium graminearum and Penicillium pullulans. Mold can produce a lot of toxins in the process of growth and reproduction, including aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumarxin and vomit toxin. After feeding, the production performance of animals will be reduced, which will cause harm to animals in many aspects, even death. For example, aflatoxin is a highly toxic substance, which has a strong destructive effect on animal liver. The symptoms of mildewed feed poisoning vary with the degree of mildewed feed, the amount of food taken by animals and the length of feeding time. In mild cases, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, miscarriage of pregnant female animals, and severe neurological symptoms or even death.

(2)過期飼料會(huì)造成飼料營養(yǎng)價(jià)值損失、風(fēng)味劣變

(2) Expired feed will cause the loss of nutritional value and flavor deterioration

過期及發(fā)生霉變的飼料，不僅會(huì)造成霉菌產(chǎn)生大量代謝毒素，霉菌在繁殖過程中還會(huì)消耗、分解飼料中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，使飼料質(zhì)量下降。在高溫、高濕的外部環(huán)境下還可以激發(fā)脂肪酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶等水解酶的活性，在霉菌、飼料酶等因素協(xié)同作用下，加快飼料中營養(yǎng)成分的分解速度，營養(yǎng)價(jià)值嚴(yán)重降低。如有的霉菌可使被感染的谷物中B族維生素，維生素E或某種氨基酸的含量顯著下降，長期飼喂這種飼料可引起某些營養(yǎng)缺乏癥。江西豬食過期的霉變飼料還可以使感官性質(zhì)惡化，如具有刺激氣味、酸臭味道、顏色異常、黏稠污穢感等，嚴(yán)重影響適口性。

The expired and moldy feed will not only cause the mold to produce a large number of metabolic toxins, but also consume and decompose the nutrients in the feed during the reproduction process, resulting in the decline of feed quality. Under the external environment of high temperature and high humidity, it can also stimulate the activities of lipase, amylase, protease and other hydrolases. Under the synergistic effect of mold and feed enzyme, the decomposition speed of nutrients in feed is accelerated, and the nutritional value is seriously reduced. For example, some molds can significantly reduce the content of B vitamins, vitamin E or some amino acids in infected grains. Long term feeding of this kind of feed may cause some nutritional deficiency. The stale moldy feed of Jiangxi pig food can also worsen the sensory properties, such as pungent smell, sour smell, abnormal color, sticky and dirty feeling, which seriously affects the palatability.

此外，如果飼料中含有油脂的話，過期飼料由于季節(jié)、溫度等原因，易造成飼料中脂肪和油脂出現(xiàn)酸敗等情況。飼喂這些飼料將造成畜禽應(yīng)激，并且酸敗或過期飼料中含有一些有機(jī)酸、游離酸等小分子物質(zhì)將刺激畜禽神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)造成畜禽興奮，從而產(chǎn)生跳圈或不睡覺的惡習(xí)。

In addition, if there is fat in the feed, the expired feed will easily lead to rancidity of fat and oil in the feed due to season, temperature and other reasons. Feeding these feeds will cause stress to livestock and poultry, and the rancid or expired feed contains some small molecular substances such as organic acids and free acids, which will stimulate the nervous system of livestock and poultry, causing excitement of livestock and poultry, resulting in the bad habit of jumping around or not sleeping.

過期飼料具有許多危害，因此養(yǎng)殖者務(wù)必高度重視，絕不能擅作主張使用過期飼料。在養(yǎng)殖過程中，要根據(jù)養(yǎng)殖動(dòng)物的數(shù)量和采食量合理購買飼料并妥善保存，避免在貯存過程中發(fā)生霉變現(xiàn)象，也要避免飼料的過期浪費(fèi)。

The expired feed has many hazards, therefore, the breeders must attach great importance to it, and never advocate the use of expired feed. In the process of breeding, feed should be reasonably purchased and properly preserved according to the number and feed intake of breeding animals, so as to avoid mildew and waste of feed during storage.